Monthly Archives: October 2009

The Art of Reviewing: Clive James

arts-graphics-2008_1130733aClive James and his many books

Every blog needs a large-scale project. The Art of Reviewing will explore reviewing as an art form and as a valuable element to understanding society.  During this project, I will profile specific reviewers of merit.  Several specific cases also explore other facets of reviewing.

Clive James and the Spice Girls.  A fascinating interview.

Clive James has done it all.  He’s a poet, wit, lyricist, TV presenter, cultural commentator, author, and memoirist.  This Australian native represents the Old Guard, sharing a similar background with Christopher Hitchens and Martin Amis.  His critical stance may be a little archaic, akin to that fellow Cultural Defender Harold Bloom, but he believes in preserving the good.  His anthology of cultural profiles, Cultural Amnesia: Necessary Memories from History and the Arts (2007), stands as a milestone of erudition and passion.

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James made his career as a TV presenter, working in a medium looked down upon by his peers.  His work on television honed his talents as an interviewer.  My first experiences with Clive James came from his documentary series Fame in the 21st Century.  It examined the amorphous and sometimes sinister force we call celebrity.  The documentary remains remarkably prescient, especially given the new mutations of fame and celebrity with the rise of the Internet, “reality” programming, and the blogosphere.

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Before Jon and Kate, Survivor, and the rest of it.

With one foot firmly in television, his other foot remains firmly planted in journalism.  In Cultural Amnesia, he acts as a defender of Western humanism.  He profiles a diverse of performers, authors, philosophers, and filmmakers.  What other book would profile Tacitus and Tony Curtis, Thomas Mann and Michael Mann?  The collection is also a wide-ranging indictment of the totalitarian ideology.

He profiles Robert Brasillach, an Anti-Semitic writer who received execution for his provocative, incendiary prose.  While James remains disgusted at Brasillach’s Anti-Semitism, the precedent for a democracy to execute a writer leaves him conflicted and troubled.  Cultural Amnesia also includes literary martyrs like Anna Akhmatova and Paul Celan.

James has also reviewed everything from Formula 1 racing to literature to poetry to modern art.  He helped me discover poets like WH Auden and Philip Larkin.  Clive James is also important, especially to an American audience, that there are different perspectives fashioned out of a different national experience.  He helps us see beyond the American fishbowl.

clivejames.com (Clive James’s website)

Brideshead Revisited: The Sacred and Profane Memories of Captain Charles Ryder (1945) by Evelyn Waugh

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In Samuel Beckett’s play, Waiting for Godot, Pozzo remarks, “They give birth astride of a grave, the light gleams an instant, then it’s night once more.”  Brideshead Revisited by Evelyn Waugh represents one of those lights gleaming in the darkness between the grave of the First World War and the impending night of the Second.  The novel, published in 1945, is the reminiscence of Captain Charles Ryder.  The story opens with Captain Ryder’s Army Company transferring to Castle Marchmain, an estate all too familiar to him.  Since he looks back on the past, a heady mix of nostalgia and satire infuse the novel’s atmospheric exploration of love, lust, religion, and sin.

The novel traces Ryder’s days at Oxford, where he meets the eccentric Sebastian Flyte and his teddy bear Aloysius.  The two become fast friends and more than friends.  Waugh’s Augustan prose circumscribes this special relationship.

“Now, that summer term with Sebastian, it seemed as though I was being given a brief spell of what I had never known, a happy childhood, and though its toys were silk shirts and liqueurs and cigars and its naughtiness high in the catalogue of grave sins, there was something of nursery freshness about us that fell little short of the joy of innocence.”

The “grave sin” harkens back to intense male-male relationships of the Renaissance and the male-male relationships prevalent in everything from yaoi literature to Storm Constantine’s Wraeththu series.

Ryder, an agnostic, eventually meets Sebastian’s family, much to Sebastian’s displeasure.  The eccentric family, an ancient clan of Catholic aristocrats, fascinates Ryder.  He meets Sebastian’s old brother, Brideshead, sisters Julia and Cordelia, and Lady Marchmain.  Traveling to Venice, he meets Lord Marchmain and his mistress.  Since Lady Marchmain is a devout Catholic, divorce is out of the question.

While the First World War fades from memory, being the conflict the older generation participated in, the rumblings of the upcoming conflict bubble up amidst cocktail parties and the other activities of Society.

The realistic changes in the characters over time remain the supreme marvel of Brideshead Revisited.  Unlike Waugh’s earlier comedic works, the characters stand out as three-dimensional beings.  Waugh’s populates his first novel, the uproarious Decline and Fall with wonderful characters.  His tone becomes heavier and more serious with such works as A Handful of Dust.

Distilled to a summary, the novel should not work.  The schmaltzy premise becomes literary genius with Waugh crafting sentences ornate and luminous, intricate and organic, like the Baroque and Art Nouveau artifacts that populate the Castle Marchmain.  While some passages reek of high camp, the rare occurrences do not subtract anything from this masterpiece of the English language.

Dollhouse Riffs: Riff #6: The Sierra Club; or Human Labor-power, Commodity Fetishism, and Workplace Rape

DH_belonging-party_0036_jpg_595x325_crop_upscale_q85Commodities and human labor-power

Arrows and Aphorisms

“Remember Jamie Leigh Jones, the Halliburton/KBR contractor who alleged she was gang raped by her co-workers in Iraq and then imprisoned in a shipping container after she reported the attack to the company? Well, it looks like she’s finally get to sue the company, in a real courthouse, over her ordeal.

“Her legal saga started after Halliburton failed to take any action against her alleged attackers, and the Justice Department and military also failed to prosecute. Jones then tried to sue the company for failing to protect her. But thanks to an employment contract created during the tenure of former Halliburton CEO Dick Cheney, Jones was forced into mandatory binding arbitration, a private forum where Halliburton would hire the arbitrator, all the proceedings would be secret, and she’d have no right to appeal if she lost.”

“Court Okays Halliburton Rape Trial”, Mother Jones, Sept. 16, 2009


“He who was previously the money-owner now strides out in front as a capitalist; the possessor of labour-power follows as his worker.  The one smirks self-importantly and is intent on business; the other is timid and holds back, like someone who has brought his own hide to market and now has nothing else to expect but – a tanning.”

Karl Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy


“Atlas Shrugged follows Dagny Taggart, railroad heiress/author self insertion, on her quest to have sex with (“get raped by”) a series of increasingly powerful men. Also, there’s a minor subplot about the economy collapsing because of a guy called John Galt.”

“Ayn Rand” on Cracked.com


Rape me
Rape me, my friend
Rape me
Rape me again

“Rape Me,” Nirvana

Commodity Fetishism and Labor-power

“A commodity appears at first sight an extremely obvious, trivial thing.  But its analysis brings out that is a very strange thing, abounding in metaphysical subtleties and theological niceties.”

Karl Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy


“If we wish to preserve a free society, it is essential that we recognize that the desirability of a particular object is not sufficient justification for the use of coercion.”

Friedrich August von Hayek, The Road to Serfdom

“Belonging,” this week’s episode of Dollhouse, is icky.  Icky in the way it plumbs the depths of human depravity and explores the darkness beneath the organization’s philanthropic veneer.  At its heart, the Dollhouse offers very pretty, very expensive commodities (the Actives) to wealthy clients.  The client spends time with the imprinted Active and the Dollhouse reaps a monetary benefit from “the engagement.”

Amidst all the spending and purchasing, the only participant not immediately benefiting are the Actives.  In “Belle Chose,” November, a former Active, was seen living in material luxury, thanks to the generous payout following her service with the organization.

Sierra (Dichen Lachmann), another Dollhouse Active, entered into the Dollhouse organization under very different circumstances.  Seduced, drugged, institutionalized, and fake “rescued”, Dollhouse comes to her faux salvation.

Sierra, whose real name is Priya, comes to the Dollhouse under false pretenses.  Nolan, a wealthy neuroscientist and Rossum Corporation VIP, engineered these fraudulent circumstances because Priya rejected him.  Hell hath no fury like a man scorned.

Nolan (Clyde Kusatsu) and Topher (Fran Kranz) engage in “commodity fetishism” of Sierra in a similar fashion.  To Topher, Sierra is a “plaything” and to Nolan, she is a manufactured love object.  Unfortunately, Adelle (Olivia Williams) has strong objections to his request.  Adelle states: “I would no sooner allow you near one of our other actives as I would a mad dog near a child… given that you’re a raping scumbag one tick shy of a murderer.”  Fortunately, for Nolan, he has enough corporate pull to brush Adelle’s moral disgust aside.  Nolan is friends with Matthew Harding (Keith Carradine), a Rossum Corporation power broker.  Nolan challenges Adelle to go to the police if the request really disgusts her.

When faced with threats of involuntary termination, Adelle folds to Nolan’s request.  Topher, slowly growing a moral backbone, joins Adelle in his moral indignation.  Since Adelle is subservient to Harding and Topher is subservient to Adelle, the order is followed.

Human Labor-Power; or How Sierra Got Her Groove Back

“In any compromise between good and evil, it is only evil that can profit.”

Ayn Rand, Atlas Shrugged


“To take something from a person and keep it for oneself: that is robbery. To take something from one person and then turn it over to another in exchange for as much money as you can get: that is business. Robbery is so much more stupid, since it is satisfied with a single, frequently dangerous profit; whereas in business it can be doubled without danger.”

Octave Mirebeau, The Torture Garden

One of the many tensions within the capitalist system is the use of labor-power.  It is not only material objects that are commodities (linen, Bibles, rum, etc.), but also labor-time and the laborer that become commodities.  Not only is the time the Actives spend on their engagements a lucrative commodity, but the Actives themselves.  One the one hand, the business owner has to extract the most labor out of their laborers; on the other hand, the laborer needs to preserve his or her physiology without being worked to death.  What is more important?  Your morality or the bottom line.

Sierra’s exploitation is a concrete example of the abuse of labor-power.  In Season One, Sierra was repeatedly raped by her handler.  Adelle solved that problem by the use of November neutralizing the handler.  The handler, head perched on a nearby coffee table, received a swift kick from November, terminating both his employment with the Dollhouse and his life.  In Season Two, Topher avenges Sierra’s exploitation, this time imprinting her with her original personality (Priya).  The result is Priya repeatedly jabbing a knife in Nolan’s sternum.

This brings us back to the case of Jamie Leigh Jones and Halliburton HBK, a corporation not unlike the Rossum Corporation, with massive profits, political collusion, and workplace rape.  Under current law, it is illegal for Jones to sue her employer for rape.  The recent amendment to the Defense Appropriation Bill would change that, although both parties are working with their corporate beneficiaries to water the legislation down.  When a re-election is on the line, one does not bother with such miniscule moral quibbles as a woman’s gang rape by her co-workers.

“Belonging” proves that Dollhouse can plumb the depths of human evil and explore the moral gray areas.  Action scenes and razor-sharp dialogue also help.

Amorous Woman by Donna George Storey

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Amorous Woman by Donna George Storey is an erotic novel that follows an American named Lydia through Japan, guided by her loves, lusts, and desires. Storey structures the novel as a bildungsroman, with Lydia getting her first taste of sex at a frat party. After studying Japanese in college, Lydia works in Japan teaching English to businessmen. Eventually the stay in Japan becomes less temporary when she marries a native countryman. With her husband away at the office, she feels neglected and neglect leads to adultery and the complications that occur when the physical and emotional needs of a partner can’t be met. Lydia’s adulteries lead to other situations and other men. Written in the first person, the reader experiences Lydia’s lusts and the emotional consequences of adultery, fantasy, and decisions, good and bad. The Shinto and Buddhist philosophies offer a window into an ethos readers might not be familiar with, but well worth exploring.

The novel is loosely based on the 17th century story of the same title, written by Ihara Saikaku. Storey knows Japanese culture, both from academic study and first hand knowledge. One of the rare pleasures of reading the novel was encountering foreign terms and phrases. The foreign terms are translated and explained, the linguistic nuances complementing the nuances of love and lust Lydia encounters in her life journey.

Dollhouse Riffs: Riff #5: Belle Chose et le Désordre des Choses (The Disorder of Things)

Belle Chose

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Dollhouse’s third episode into the season explores the issues of performance and gender.  Entitled Belle Chose (French for “Pretty Things”), the episode begins with a bizarre performance of sorts.  A weird male, in a nondescript room that appears transplanted from a mini-mall, is talking to a group of immobile women.  The women are posed like mannequins yet they look very realistic.  Only when one of the women try to escape the clutches of this demonic incarnation of George McFly, does the viewer snap out of the Uncanny Valley reverie.

Terry Karrens (Joe Sikora), the George McFly look-alike, loses control of the situation and kills the escapee in a fit of rage.  Since Terry’s uncle Bradley Karrens (Michael Hogan) is a major shareholder with the Rossum Corporation, the Dollhouse enters the equation.  Flustered, Terry leaves his bower of bliss to enter the outside world.  Bradley brings Terry to the Dollhouse, since a car hit Terry.

In an emergency procedure, Terry’s personality gets dumped into Victor (Enver Gjokaj).  Topher (Fran Kranz) notifies Adelle DeWitt (Olivia Williams) that Terry has the personality profile of a serial killer.

Adelle, ever resourceful, calls on Paul Ballard (Tahmoh Penikett) to interrogate Terry.  Ballard chips away at Terry’s façade.  He thinks Terry Karrens are both names for girls.  Terry only begins to crack when Ballard shows Terry his body lying in a coma.

Gender and Performance


Gender is not something that one is, it is something one does, an act… a “doing” rather than a “being”.

Judith Butler


In the B Story, Echo (Eliza Dushku) is imprinted with the personality of Kiki, a rather ditzy college girl.  She is assigned to get seduced by a college professor.  Due to complications, Bradley escapes with Terry (more accurately, Victor-as-Terry).

Adelle strong-arms Topher into performing a “remote wipe,” a dangerous procedure associated to the disaster in “Epitaph One.”  In the ensuing debacle, Victor and Echo switch imprinted personalities.  Echo becomes Terry, confusing her captives when she returns to Terry’s hideout.

Victor becomes Kiki.  Paul eventually finds Victor dancing away.  The scene is played for comedy until Victor begins hitting on a frat boy.  Ballard, finding Victor, contains the violence and offers a scene of emotional tenderness in an episode filled with manipulation, seduction, and deceit.

Essence and Appearance


Girls will be boys and boys will be girls
It’s a mixed up muddled up shook up world except for Lola
La-la-la-la Lola

The Kinks, “Lola” (1970)


Victor’s transformations are worth examining in detail.  As an Active, Victor has his body imprinted with two different personalities.  Victor-as-Terry is a chilling persona, reminiscent of Norman Bates and Dexter, a human devoid of empathy and compassion.  Conversely, Victor-as-Kiki is a joyous, energetic, and social persona.

The monstrosity of Victor gets flipped, from the asocial monstrosity of Terry to the social monstrosity of a masculine Kiki.  The tension between essence and appearance threaten the social order.  Terry can only preserve his perverted interpretation of the social order through horse tranquilizer injections and recreating his childhood bliss.  (The injections also come across like a grotesque parody of the Botox trend.  People freezing their faces with poison in the desperate need for acceptance and to appease their sense of vanity.)

Victor-as-Kiki disrupts the social order of the bigoted frat boy.  Some react to gay men with violence.  (Both the Sopranos and Six Feet Under contain story arcs dealing with barbaric acts of homophobic violence.)

However, Victor-as-Kiki is not gay, not in the sense that David Fisher (Six Feet Under) is gay or Willow (Buffy the Vampire Slayer) is gay.  Victor literally has a female possessing his male body.  In the Dollverse, the body is reduced to a carrying case for the personality imprint.  Since an ebullient college girl is in possession of Victor, his actions read as gay.  To reiterate, he acts like a gay man, but he is not a gay man.  Since the Dollverse deals in bodies and personalities, one starts to wonder “What ‘is’ is?”

Is.  To be.  “To be or not to be.”  While the episode offers a reductionist reading for the gay male (= girl in man’s body), it also attempts to parse challenging concepts.  Tackling the ultimate question, the purpose of being, offers no easy answers.

With Belle Chose, the Dollhouse delves deeper into the muddy chaos of bodies, personalities, ethics, and violence.

Guild Musings: Musing #2: Chat channels and wifi

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For Better or Worse: The Knights of Good

The third episode of The Guild, the plot hinges on Codex’s inability to bring the Knights of Good back together.  Codex (Felicia Day) cautiously and politely asks the Axis of Anarchy (the rival, evil group headed by Wil Wheaton), if they could get Tinkerballa (Amy Okuda) back.  The Axis of Anarchy smell an intruder in their midst and then verbally assault Codex with all manner of f-bombs and snark.  Wil Wheaton snarked at Codex by quoting Ayn Rand.  Considering Rand’s philosophy of utopian selfishness precipitated our current economic unpleasantness, my money is on the Knights of Good.

Axis

Meet the Villains: The Axis of Anarchy

The humor from the episode comes from understanding the media conventions of this webisode.  As opposed to genre conventions, media conventions relate to how the media itself is used in reference to the narrative.  Nearly the entire episode takes place in a “chat channel.”  MMORPG players will talk to each other in real time when they use this “channel”.  When the characters chat in the “channel,” the speak into their microphones and look at their computer screens.  By extension, they are talking to and look at us, the audience.

The scene becomes comedic genius when Vork, with his beat-up van as a mobile headquarters, steals wifi from a local fast food joint.  Holding up the drive-in lane, he attempts to use his diplomatic skills as Guildmaster.

While all the members of the Knights of Good have their social quirks, Vork stands out, with his passionate combination of assertive micromanaging and living in seclusion like Howard Hughes.  Vork, harassed by impatient customers, orders fifty straws and twenty ketchup packets.  (Since he lived in his grandfather’s house, mooching off the Social Security benefits, Vork’s lifestyle is one of seclusion and economic austerity.)

The episode concludes with Codex unsuccessful in bringing the Knights of Good back together.  However, Tinkerballa, the Ranger, may not be lost for good.  As an experienced back-stabber and “with the maternal instincts of a chipper shredder”, she may have ulterior motives.

The Guild continues to impress with its understanding of the media informing the comedy.

Dollhouse Riffs: Riff #4: Season Openers

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Joss Whedon’s Dollhouse opened with the episodes “Vows” and “Instinct,” bringing new faces like Jamie Bamber and Alexis Denisof.  The season also began with a critique of two idols within the conservative mindset: marriage and motherhood.

In “Vows,” the Dollhouse organization imprints Echo with the personality of an undercover FBI agent.  In her assignment, she married a wealthy amoral arms dealer played by Jamie Bamber.  Bamber (Lee Adama on Battlestar Galactica) uses his authentic British accent.  His good looks and easy-going charm create a false front to his nefarious activities.  He is not above selling dirty bomb components to terrorists in the name of a decent profit.  As a heterosexual businessman, he is not exactly the best poster boy for California’s segregationist Prop 8.  “He sells weapons to terrorists, but at least he’s not gay.”  Echo as the undercover agent made a particularly prescient statement.  She rationalized her faux marriage and the resultant sex as nothing but “acts between bodies.”  When one digs deeper and deconstructs the hysteria behind Prop 8’s passage, it boils down to a rather naïve assumption about bodies.  To the proponents of Prop 8, marriage is nothing more than having a dictatorship over the means of production.  In this case, heterosexual sex and the offspring that result from said union.  The Dollhouse technology of imprinting personalities on to a mind bring a violent anarchy to these Bronze Age notions of marriage.  Echo’s “glitching” at the end of “Vows” shows how our Cartesian assumptions about mind-body separation smash into a million little shards.  A little nudge or a minor malfunction will produce a psychopath like Alpha.

Another new face is seen in “Vows” with Senator Daniel Perrin played by Alexis Denisof (Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Angel, How I Met Your Mother).  While former FBI Agent Paul Ballard (Tahmoh Penikett) gets co-opted and “turned” into Echo’s handler, Senator Perrin appears as the crusading idealist for the second season.  Since Senator Perrin appears to have a loving relationship with his wife and he remains morally committed to righting corporate wrongs, one is hard pressed to find a real-life equivalent existing in the Congress of today.  If Senator Perrin were real, he would have invited the Rossum Corporation to write whatever health reform legislation came across his desk between accepting bribes for lobbyists and flying to Argentina to visit his mistress.  It is funny how reality reflects back on to this amusing action show.

Former Agent Paul Ballard further illustrates the uneasy relationship between corporate America and public service.  While Ballard gets emotionally blackmailed by the Dollhouse, the phenomenon of the “revolving door” is nothing new.  In the series The 4400, NTAC Director Dennis Ryland (Peter Coyote) retires amidst scandal and then goes to work for Haspel Corporation as an executive.  The concept of the “revolving door” would cause outrage and moral indignation if it were not omnipresent and totally normal.  Regardless of party affiliation or political stance, it occurs at all levels and has been going on for quite some time.  No conspiracy and nothing secretive involved.  It happens every day in every constituency.  What was considered corrupt and nefarious as done by Tammany Hall and Boss Tweed is nothing more than a typical Tuesday in Washington, D.C.  Moreover, like Paul Ballard, one feels powerless to do anything about it.  The money is just too good to pass up.  Unfortunately, that’s the same reason arms dealers and narcotrafficante use for their eccentric business practices.  Like Samuel Beckett said – the Nobel Laureate, not the Quantum Leap character – “I can’t go on.  I’ll go on.”

With the crazy events of this summer past, it is heartening to see Joss Whedon’s action show tackling topics like corporate corruption, the incestuous relationship between corporations and the government, and the shallow ethos underlying the bigotry of Prop 8.
My only pet peeve with the new season is the opening credit sequence.  While it is understandable that Eliza Dushku gets adequate face time in the opening credits, since she is one of the executive producers, the all-Echo, all-the-time is a little frustrating.  The other dolls and the other characters deserve a little visual.  An ironic statement of egomania in a series with a main character who is alternately a blank slate and a crusading altruist.

The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: a history of Nazi Germany (Thirtieth Anniversary Edition) by William Shirer

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Nazi Germany.  Hitler.  The SS.  The names bring up connotations ranging from the cinema of Steven Spielberg and Mel Brooks to tasteless political posters at town hall meetings and anti-war protests.  In the eternal words of stand-up comic Bill Hicks: “We’re going in for God and country and democracy and here’s a fetus and he’s a Hitler.”  In our modern age, we have called whatever enemy of convenience a Hitler.  The same phenomenon throughout history with different groups of people thinking the Antichrist was Nero, the Pope, Napoleon, Hitler, Stalin, FDR, Ronald Wilson Reagan, Ayatollah Khomeini, Mikhail Gorbachev, Bill Clinton, Barney the Dinosaur, and, most recently, Barack Obama.  What was once a dire metaphysical threat has now become a punch line … and a funny one at that.  Since Hitler’s demise, nearly every US President and nearly every dictator working against US interests (or for them) has been labeled “a Hitler.”  Reducing those dark years that engulfed the world to a punch line is a dangerous thing.  Reading The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich by William Shirer has been a useful corrective to the omnipresent cheapening and poisonous cultural illiteracy that permeates our present political discourse.

Published in 1960 during the height of the Cold War, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich represents one of the first and most comprehensive analyses of Hitler’s Germany.  When reading the book, it is important to remember the subtitle.  It is “a history” of Nazi Germany, not “the history.”  Even in 1100 pages, Shirer gives the reader a summary of Hitler’s rise, the European theater of war, and the Shoah.  Even with the oceans of ink spilled in trying to comprehend the madness and seduction of the Third Reich, Rise and Fall of the Third Reich is still a very useful book for those interested in Nazism, World War 2, and the Holocaust.

The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich remains important as a document of witness.  William Shirer was a newspaper correspondent in Germany during Hitler’s ascent to absolute power.  On occasion, he editorializes and lets his rage show through.  In this case, just because he is angry does not mean he is inaccurate.  One also has to remember it was written in 1960 with the wounds of the Second World War still fresh.  The Thirtieth Edition, published in 1990, comes with an Afterword by Shirer.  He writes about his worry that a united Germany will become a militarist threat.  Hindsight has proven Shirer wrong, although the hatred, anti-Semitism, and anti-democratic intimidation have now become the modus operandi of different actors.

Homosexuality, in Shirer’s estimation, becomes another manifestation of Nazism’s decadence and criminality.  Ernst Roehm, head of the SA, is labeled “a pervert” because of his homosexuality.  Roehm participated in his fair share of political violence, but his predilection for male company is immaterial.  Homosexual men with less than admirable personal lives are nothing new and the Nazi movement was not the only mass movement to Roehm-type figures.  One’s sexual orientation does not presume one’s political orientation.  Roy Cohn and Harvey Milk illustrate this point.

The book excels in condemns the Nazis by using primary documents.  Shirer uses testimony from the Nuremburg trials, memoirs, and the captured “confidential archives of the German government and all its branches.”  He shines a light on the hidden documents and lets the participants incriminate themselves.

Shirer, as a newspaperman, makes the book an exciting read.  It is a page-turner with forward narrative momentum like the best of thrillers.

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For those interested in the political aspects, Stanley Payne’s A History of Fascism 1914-1945 is a more academic treatment.  Payne analyses the specific characteristics of “generic fascism” and proceeds to illustrate the various fascist movements in Europe.  Fascism is a political philosophy as varied as any other.

The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich is a masterful telling of a dark decade that nearly destroyed civilization and no laughing matter.

Legion (Horus Heresy, Book 7) by Dan Abnett

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Can Dan Abnett save the franchise?

After the underwhelming Descent of Angels by Mitchel Scanlon, the Horus Heresy series is in desperate need of revival.  None is better equipped to revive the flagging franchise than the prolific Dan Abnett.  Abnett, author of Eisenhorn, the Ravenor series, the Gaunt’s Ghosts series, and other titles for Marvel and Doctor Who, has the rare gift to write well and to write a lot.  Like the space fantasy version of William T. Vollmann, he churns out full-length novels at a ridiculous rate.

In Legion, Abnett throws the reader into a desert landscape, a war that has lost forward momentum, and paranoia sweeping the ranks.  The parallels to modern desert warfare and the situation in Iraq are unmistakable.  The Imperium of Man wages a war against the inhabitants of Nurth.  We follow the Geno Five-Two Chiliad of the Imperial Army, a unit of the Imperial Army that traces its lineage back to Terra and its genetic heritage to that of the Space Marines.  Their formidable nature and fierce loyalty make the military stalemate even more frustrating.  The Chiliad operates through uxors and hetmen.  Uxors are psykers and communicate through the hetman officer corps mentally.

John Grammaticus, a powerful psyker, meets up with the Chiliad in the guise of Konig Heniker.  Grammaticus is a member of the Cabal, a secretive interspecies organization that has important knowledge it needs to communicate to the Alpha Legion of Space Marines.  Grammaticus has to get close to the uxors to impart this knowledge.  He describes the uxors thusly: “As he sat down opposite Uxor Rukhsana, he reached out.  Instantly, he tasted feeble immature ‘cepts, chitter-chatter minds, the moist, unwholesome mental architecture of the pubescent aides.  The technical inability to conceive made most uxor-aides gruesomely promiscuous.  Grammaticus was repelled by the lurid, shallow thoughts that washed towards him.”

Eventually, Grammaticus gets in touch with the Alpha Legion, the newest and most enigmatic legion of Space Marines.  Abnett even subverts the “legion-primarch trope” in this volume, highlighting a Space Marine legion that specializes in stealth and espionage.  Even though the Space Marines, like their brother legions, are genetically engineered superwarriors that stand nine feet tall, he makes their covert tactics seem plausible.

The Alpha Legion already know what Grammaticus knows, but under a different name.  In one form or another, the Imperium has been battling the forces of Chaos.  The Cabal has a different name for the predictable enemy: the Primordial Annihilator.  The name is clinical, menacing, and opaque all at once.

The Cabal offer the Alpha Legion a choice, but the reader is kept guessing while the stakes increase on Nurth.  Factions have their own agendas, whether it’s the 670th Fleet Commander, the Imperial Army, the Cabal, or the Alpha Legion.  While conditions on Nurth deteriorate, people are forced to act.  In Legion, you are left guessing to the last page.